Anthropology.net

While we are on the subject of animal domestication and the agricultural revolution and urbanization in the Near East, I wanna share with you news that the first domesticated pigs in Europe were introduced from the Middle East by Stone Age farmers, as reported by a new study in PNAS which I think will soon be published online.

The study involved examining the DNA from mandible and teeth of modern and 7,000-year-old pigs. The findings revealed that domesticated pigs in Europe have a Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that farmers migrated to Europe, bringing their livestock and farming methods with them.

These new findings challenge a previous study, which was written by the some of the same authors but only analyzed the DNA from modern pigs. What they found then showed that all modern pigs are descended from European wild boar. This led researchers to conclude that early Europeans domesticated pigs independently of other farming methods. But the integration of ancient DNA from the mandible and teeth brought about a new conclusion.

Keith Dobney clarifies that the domestic pigs of European wild boar ancestry appear soon afterwards,

“By use of genetics, we’ve shown that the earliest domesticated pigs that moved into Europe were originally from the Near East. That means that people moved these animals from the Near East into Europe.

And what happened after that, which is even more interesting, is it appears that once they were introduced, these domesticated pigs spurred or lit the blue touch-paper for people to domesticate the local indigenous wild boar. So, we have a secondary domestication which is happening in Europe soon afterwards.”

So, the DNA records show that European domestic pigs of wild boar became widespread throughout Europe, and that the Near Eastern pigs disappeared.

This sorta research reminds me of what was recently discovered about Polynesians and chicken domestication in the Americas, which I shared with you back in June. Genetic evidence of not only plants, but in these two studies of animals, are helping archaeologists and anthropologists resolve patterns of cultural exchange such as agricultural techniques and migration of people.

P.S. – Dobney seems to be all about understanding pig domestication, earlier this year he also published a paper in PNAS on, “Phylogeny and ancient DNA of Sus provides insights into neolithic expansion in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania.”

Putting aside the bombardment of biblical references this press release has, the findings of one of the first apiaries known dating from the 10th to early 9th centuries B.C.E. found in excavations at Tel Rehov in Israel’s Beth Shean Valley, are pretty important in our understanding of the agricultural revolution and the domestication of animals such as bees.

Amihai Mazar and Eleazar L. Sukenik lead the excavations at Tel Rehov which is,

“believed to have been one of the most important cities of Israel during the Israelite monarchy. The beehives there were found in the center of a built-up area there that has been excavated since 1997 by Dr. Nava Panitz-Cohen of the Hebrew University. Three rows of beehives were found in the apiary, containing more than 30 hives. It is estimated, however, based on excavations to date, that in all the total area would have contained some 100 beehives.

Each row contained at least three tiers of hives, each of which is a cylinder composed of unbaked clay and dry straw, around 80 centimeters long and 40 centimeters in diameter. One end of the cylinder was closed and had a small hole in it, which allowed for the entry and exit of the bees. The opposite end was covered with a clay lid that could be removed when the beekeeper extracted the honeycombs. Experienced beekeepers and scholars who visited the site estimated that as much as half a ton of honey could be culled each year from these hives.

Prof. Mazar emphasizes the uniqueness of this latest find by pointing out that actual beehives have never been discovered at any site in the ancient Near East. While fired ceramic vessels that served as beehives are known in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, none were found in situ, and beekeeping on an industrial level such as the apiary at Tel Rehov is hitherto unknown in the archaeological record. Pictorial depictions of apiaries are known from Pharaonic Egypt, showing extraction of honey from stacked cylinders which are very similar to those found at Tel Rehov.

Cylindrical clay beehives placed in horizontal rows, similar to those found at Tel Rehov, are well-known in numerous contemporary traditional cultures in Arab villages in Israel, as well as throughout the Mediterranean. The various products of beehives are put to diverse use: the honey is, of course, a delicacy, but is also known for its medicinal and cultic value. Beeswax was also utilized in the metal and leather industries, as well as for writing material when coated on wooden tablets.

Cultic objects were also found in the apiary, including a four-horned altar adorned with figures of naked fertility goddesses, as well as an elaborately painted chalice. This could be evidence of deviant cultic practices by the ancient Israelites related to the production of honey and beeswax.

Study of the beehives found at Tel Rehov is being conducted with the participation of various researchers. Dr. Guy Bloch of the Silberman Institute of Life Sciences of the Hebrew University is studying the biological aspects of the finds; he already discovered parts of bees’ bodies in the remains of honeycomb extracted from inside the hives. Dr. Dvori Namdar of the Weizmann Institute of Science succeeded in identifying beeswax molecules from the walls of the beehives, and Prof. Mina Evron from Haifa University is analyzing the pollen remains in the hives.

Dating of the beehives was done by measuring the decaying of the 14C isotope in organic materials, using grains of wheat found next to the beehives. This grain was dated at the laboratory of Groningen University in Holland to the period between the mid-10th century B.C.E. until the early 9th century B.C.E. This is the time period attributed to the reign of King Solomon and the first kings of the northern Kingdom of Israel following the division of the monarchy. The city of Rehov is indeed mentioned in an Egyptian inscription dating to the time of the Pharaoh Shoshenq I (Biblical Shishak), whom the Bible notes as the contemporary of King Solomon and who invaded Israel following that monarch’s death.”